Користувач:Gzhegozh/Пісочниця/Appellation d'origine contrôlée
Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC; фр. вимова: [apɛlasjɔ̃ dɔʁiʒin kɔ̃tʁole]; «контроль географічного зазначення») — французький сертифікат, що видається певним французьким географічним зазначенням вин, сирів, масла, а також інших сільськогосподарських продуктів, під егідою урядового бюро Національного інституту походження та якості (INAO). Сертифікація базується на принципі теруару.
Витоки сертифікації AOC датовані 1411 роком, коли рокфор було врегульовано парламентським декретом. Перший французький закон про географічні зазначення для виноробства датуються 1 серпня 1905[1]. 6 травня 1919 року ухвалено перший сучасний закон про захист географічного зазначення, який визначав регіон і комуну, у якій має вироблятися певний продукт. Цей закон згодом неодноразово переглядався та зазнавав змін[джерело?]. 30 липня 1935 року за ініціативою депутата Жозефа Капю разом із представниками уряду та великими виноробами було створено Національний комітет з контролю географічних зазначень (фр. Comité National des appellations d'origine; CNAO), який здійснював контроль за походженням вин[2]. У винному регіоні Рони Baron Pierre Le Roy Boiseaumarié, a trained lawyer and winegrower from Châteauneuf-du-Pape, successfully obtained legal recognition of the «Côtes du Rhône» appellation of origin in 1936.[джерело?] After World War II the committee became the public-private Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO).[3] The AOC seal was created and mandated by French laws in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. On July 2, 1990, the scope of work of the INAO was extended beyond wines to cover other agricultural products .[джерело?]
AOCs vary dramatically in size. Some cover vast expanses with a variety of climatic and soil characteristics, while others are small and highly uniform. For example, the Côtes du Rhône AOC «covers some 400 квадратних кілометрів (150 миля2), but within its area lies one of the smallest AOCs, Château-Grillet, which occupies less than 4 гектари (9,9 акра) of land.»
The INAO guarantees that all AOC products will hold to a rigorous set of clearly defined standards. The organization stresses that AOC products will be produced in a consistent and traditional manner with ingredients from specifically classified producers in designated geographical areas. The products must further be aged at least partially in the respective designated area.
Under French law, it is illegal to manufacture and sell a product under one of the AOC-controlled geographical indications if it does not comply with the criteria of the AOC. AOC products can be identified by a seal, which is printed on the label in wines, and with cheeses, on the rind. To prevent any possible misrepresentation, no part of an AOC name may be used on a label of a product not qualifying for that AOC.
This strict label policy can lead to confusion, especially in cases where towns share names with appellations. If the town of origin of a product contains a controlled appellation in its name, the producer (who is legally required to identify the place of origin on the product label but legally prohibited from using the full town's name unless the product is an approved AOC product) is enjoined from listing anything more than a cryptic postal code. For example, there are a dozen townships in l'Aude that have Cabardès in their names, several of which are not even within the geographical boundaries of the Cabardès AOC. Any vineyard that produces wine in one of those towns must not mention the name of the town of origin on the product labels.
There are currently over 300 French wines entitled to the designation AOC on their label.
Legislation concerning the way vineyards are identified makes recognizing the various AOCs very challenging for wine drinkers not accustomed to the system. Often, distinguishing classifications requires knowledge of esoteric label laws such as «Unless the wine is from a Premier Cru vineyard, the vineyard name must be printed in characters no more than half the height of the ones used for the village name»[4]
On the other hand, while the process of label approval is enforced to the millimetre, the quality control for the wine in the bottle is much less strict. While a blind taster must approve the wine for it to receive AOC classification, this tasting often occurs before the product is even bottled, and by a local expert who may well have ties to the local vintners. Even if the taster is objective, the wine sample may not be representative of the actual product, and there is almost no way to verify that the finished bottled product is the same as the original AOC sample.[4]
In 1925, Roquefort became the first cheese to be awarded an AOC label, and since then over 40 cheeses have been assigned AOC status.
On August 15, 1957, the National Assembly gave AOC status to the poultry of Bresse (Poulet de Bresse). In 2006, it awarded AOC status to salt marsh lamb raised in the Bay of the Somme.[5]
In 1981, the AOC label was given to Haute-Provence Lavender Essential Oil. It refers to a very high-quality production and concerns only the essential oil of fine lavender — Lavandula angustifolia. The fields must be located within a specific territory at a minimum altitude of 800 meters. This geographic area covers 284 communities in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Hautes-Alpes, Drôme and Vaucluse regions.
Lentils from Le Puy-en-Velay have AOC status. (See: Le Puy Green lentil.)
Honey from the island of Corsica has been given AOC status. There are six certified varietals of Corsican honey: Printemps, Maquis de printemps, Miellats du maquis, Châtaigneraie, Maquis d'été, and Maquis d'automne.[6]
France recognizes the Charente, Charente-Maritime, Vienne, Deux-Sèvres and Vendée AOC regions for butter.
The Beurre Charentes-Poitou[7] has been assigned AOC status in 1979.
Armagnac, Calvados, Cognac and Martinique Rhum Agricole all have AOC status.
Outside their home country, protecting the AOC status of certain products can face challenges, notably from a legal perspective. Some countries do not uphold a geographical indication system for their own products and thus, products which are labelled AOC in France, for instance, can be confronted on the international stage with foreign products claiming a similar geographical origin, even though it has not been recognized as such by the AOC system. In such a case, France (or another country) may enter into bilateral agreements with other countries, whereupon the signatories accept to recognize a special status to a list of designated products, or it can also seek the development of rules or agreements at the World Trade Organization level.
Since each country has its own legal and agricultural framework, the specifics of each trade relationship are likely to vary. Also, there are often conflicts between trademarks and geographical indications.[8] For instance, in Canada, only Canadian wines can be VQA approved but other certification trademarks can be registered under the intellectual property legal regime. The owner of a certification trademark is then allowed to sell licences to be used for certain products meeting the owner's criteria. Thus in the case of wines, one AOC certification trademark is owned by the French Republic,[9] while another is owned by Maison des Futailles,[10] a wine producer, of which the publicly owned Société des alcools du Québec is a partner.
- Denominazione di origine controllata, a similar certification regulated by Italian law
- ↑ EC-ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights Co-operation Programme, Unit 4. Trademarks and Geographical IndicationsШаблон:Full citation needed [Архівовано 3 жовтня 2011 у Wayback Machine.] (by Professor Michael Blakeney, October 2007), p. 52
- ↑ Bouneau, Christine (1998). CAPUS Joseph, Marie 1867-1947. Dictionnaire des parlementaires d'Aquitaine sous la Troisième République (French) . Presses Univ de Bordeaux. с. 182. ISBN 978-2-86781-231-6. Процитовано 12 серпня 2015.
- ↑ Lukacs, Paul (21 жовтня 2013). Inventing Wine: A New History of One of the World's Most Ancient Pleasures: A New History of One of the World's Most Ancient Pleasures. W. W. Norton. с. PT200. ISBN 978-0-393-23964-5. Процитовано 12 серпня 2015.
- ↑ а б Joseph, Robert (2005). French Wine Revised and Updated. Dorling Kindersley. с. 37. ISBN 0-7566-1520-8.
- ↑ Lascève, Agnès (19 червня 2011). La baie de Somme. France Today. FrancePress. Архів оригіналу за 14 August 2011. Процитовано 25 березня 2012.
{{cite web}}: Проігноровано невідомий параметр|df=(довідка) - ↑ INAO - Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité. inao.gouv.fr.
- ↑ (фр.) Beurre Charentes-Poitou
- ↑ Quibbling Siblings: Conflicts between Trademarks and Geographical Indications. ssrn.com. SSRN 1000467.
{{cite web}}: Пропущений або порожній|url=(довідка) - ↑ Canadian trade-mark data. ic.gc.ca.
- ↑ Canadian trade-mark data. ic.gc.ca.
- Phillips, Roderick (2000). A Short History of Wine. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621282-0.
- Appellations of Origin from the TTB website
- INAO website