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Довідка:МФА

Матеріал з Вікіпедії — вільної енциклопедії.
Про допомоги з встановлення шрифтів, що підтримують МФА див. Довідка:Спеціальні символи#Відображення.
Ця стаття, включає посилання в тексті на аудіофайли. Якщо ви маєте проблеми з програваннями файлів, див. Поради з використання медіавмісту.
Остання офіційна таблиця МФА, переглянута в 2020

Тут основні ключі до символів міжнародного фонетичного алфавіту. Для меншого набору символів, які достатні для української мови, див. Довідка:МФА/Українська. Деякі рідкісні символи МФА не включено; їх можна знайти в основній статті про МФА або в розширеній таблиці МФА(інші мови).


Лівий стовпець містить окремі символи в квадратних дужках ([a] (прослухатиⓘ)). Натисніть на «прослухати», щоб почути звук; натисніть на самий символ, щоб відкрити окрему статтю про нього з повнішим описом та прикладими з багатьох мов. Звуки приголосних вимовляються один раз біля голосної і один раз між голосними.

Якщо символи не відображаються, то вам потрібно встановити допоміжний шрифт. Безкоштовні шрифти з хорошою підтримкою МФА включають Gentium(інші мови) Plus (serif) та Andika(інші мови) (sans-serif).

Основні символи

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Символи розміщені подібно до літер Латинської абетки. Символи, що не схожі на жодну латинську літеру, розміщені в кінці, в розділі інше.

Символ Приклади Опис
A
[a] (прослухатиⓘ) Modern RP cat, German Mann, French gare The RP vowel is often transcribed with ⟨æ⟩ for historical reasons. For many English speakers, the first part of the ow sound in cow.
[ä] (прослухатиⓘ) Mandarin 他 tā, American English father, Spanish casa, French patte
[ɐ] (прослухатиⓘ) RP cut, German Kaiserslautern (In transcriptions of English, [ɐ] is usually written ⟨ʌ⟩.)
[ɑ] (прослухатиⓘ) RP father, French pâte, Dutch bad
[ɑ̃] (прослухатиⓘ) French Caen, sans, temps Nasalized [ɑ].
[ɒ] (прослухатиⓘ) Canadian English lot, Persian ف‍‍ارسی / fârsi Like [ɑ], but with the lips slightly rounded.
[ʌ] (прослухатиⓘ) American English cut Like [ɔ], but without the lips being rounded. (When ⟨ʌ⟩ is used for English, it may really be [ɐ] or [ɜ].)
[æ] (прослухатиⓘ) GA cat
B
[b] (прослухатиⓘ) English babble
[ɓ] (прослухатиⓘ) Swahili bwana Like a [b] said with a gulp. See implosive consonants.
[β] (прослухатиⓘ) Spanish la Bamba, Kinyarwanda abana "children", Korean 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] mugunghwa Like [b], but with the lips not quite closed.
[ʙ] (прослухатиⓘ) Nias simbi [siʙi] "lower jaw" Sputtering.
C
[c] (прослухатиⓘ) Turkish kebap "kebab", Czech stín "shadow", Greek και "and" Between English tune (RP) and cute. Sometimes used instead for [tʃ] in languages like Hindi.
[ç] (прослухатиⓘ) German Ich More of a [j]-coloration (more palatal) than [x]. Some English speakers have a similar sound in huge. This sound can be produced by whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
[ɕ] (прослухатиⓘ) Mandarin 西安 Xi'an, Polish ściana More [j]-like than [ʃ]; something like English she.
[ɔ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under O
D
[d] (прослухатиⓘ) English dad
[ɗ] (прослухатиⓘ) Swahili Dodoma Like [d] said with a gulp.
[ɖ] (прослухатиⓘ) American English harder Like [d] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ð] (прослухатиⓘ) English the, bathe
[dz] (прослухатиⓘ) English adds, Italian zero
[dʒ] (прослухатиⓘ) English judge
[dʑ] (прослухатиⓘ) Polish niedźwiedź "bear" Like [dʒ], but with more of a [j]-sound.
[ɖʐ] (прослухатиⓘ) Polish dżem "jam" Like [dʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
E
[e] (прослухатиⓘ) Scottish English day, Australian English bet, Spanish fe; French clé, German Klee Similar to American English hey, before the y sets in.
[ɘ] (прослухатиⓘ) Australian English bird
[ə] (прослухатиⓘ) English above, Hindi अब [əb] (ab) "now"
[ɚ] (прослухатиⓘ) American English runner
[ɛ] (прослухатиⓘ) British, Irish, North American English bet, New Zealand English bat
[ɛ̃] (прослухатиⓘ) French Saint-Étienne, vin, main Nasalized [ɛ].
[ɜ] (прослухатиⓘ) RP bird (long)
[ɝ] (прослухатиⓘ) American English bird
F
[f] (прослухатиⓘ) English fun
[ɟ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under J
[ʄ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under J
G
[ɡ] (прослухатиⓘ) English gag (Should look like . Not different from a Latin "g")
[ɠ] (прослухатиⓘ) Swahili Uganda Like [ɡ] said with a gulp.
[ɢ] (прослухатиⓘ) Like [ɡ], but further back, in the throat. Found in Persian and some Arabic dialects for /q/, as in Muammar Gaddafi.
[ʒ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under Z English beige.
H
[h] (прослухатиⓘ) American English house
[ɦ] (прослухатиⓘ) English ahead, when said quickly.
[ʰ] The extra puff of air in English top [tʰɒp] compared to stop [stɒp], or to French or Spanish [t].
[ħ] (прослухатиⓘ) Arabic ‏مُحَمَّد‎ Muḥammad Far down in the throat, like [h], but stronger.
[ʜ] (прослухатиⓘ) Iraqi Arabic حَي [ʜaj] "alive" Corresponds to /ħ/ (ح) in Standard Arabic.
[ɥ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under Y
[ɮ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under L
I
[i] (прослухатиⓘ) English sea, French ville, Spanish Valladolid
[ɪ] (прослухатиⓘ) British, Irish, North American English sit, New Zealand English set
[ɨ] (прослухатиⓘ) Russian ты "you" Often used for unstressed English roses.
J
[j] (прослухатиⓘ) English yes, hallelujah, German Junge
[ʲ] In Russian Ленин [ˈlʲenʲɪn] Indicates a sound is more [j]-like.
[ʝ] (прослухатиⓘ) Spanish cayo (some dialects) Like [j], but stronger.
[ɟ] (прослухатиⓘ) Turkish gör "see", Czech díra "hole" Between English dew (RP) and argue. Sometimes used instead for [dʒ] in languages like Hindi.
[ʄ] (прослухатиⓘ) Swahili jambo Like [ɟ] said with a gulp.
K
[k] (прослухатиⓘ) English kick, skip
L
[l] (прослухатиⓘ) English leaf
[ɫ] (прослухатиⓘ) English wool
Russian малый [ˈmɑɫɨj] "small" 		"Dark" el.
[ɬ] (прослухатиⓘ) Welsh llwyd [ɬʊɪd] "grey"
Zulu hlala [ɬaːla] "sit" 		By touching the roof of mouth with the tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in Welsh placenames like Llangollen and Llanelli and Nelson Mandela's Xhosa name Rolihlahla.
[ɭ] (прослухатиⓘ) Like [l] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɺ] A flapped [l], like [l] and [ɾ] said together.
[ɮ] (прослухатиⓘ) Zulu dla "eat" Rather like [l] and [ʒ], or [l] and [ð], said together.
[ʟ] (прослухатиⓘ)
M
[m] (прослухатиⓘ) English mime
[ɱ] (прослухатиⓘ) English symphony Like [m], but the lips touch the teeth as they do in [f].
[ɯ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under W
[ʍ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under W
N
[n] (прослухатиⓘ) English nun
[ŋ] (прослухатиⓘ) English sing, Māori nga
[ɲ] (прослухатиⓘ) Spanish Peña, French champagne Rather like English canyon (/nj/ said quickly).
[ɳ] (прослухатиⓘ) Hindi वरुण [ʋəruɳ] Varuna Like [n] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɴ] (прослухатиⓘ) Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] Like [ŋ], but further back, in the throat.
O
[o] (прослухатиⓘ) Modern RP, Australian and New Zealand English caught (long)
Spanish no, French eau, German Boden 		Somewhat reminiscent of American English no. The RP vowel is usually transcribed with ⟨ɔː⟩ for historical reasons.
[ɔ] (прослухатиⓘ) Modern RP, Australian and New Zealand English cot
German Oldenburg, French Garonne 		The RP vowel is usually transcribed with ⟨ɒ⟩ for historical reasons.
[ɔ̃] (прослухатиⓘ) French Lyon, son Nasalized [ɔ].
[ø] (прослухатиⓘ) New Zealand English nurse, French feu, bœufs, German Goethe Like [e], but with the lips rounded like [o].
[ɵ] (прослухатиⓘ) Modern RP foot, Dutch hut, French je, Swedish dum Halfway between [o] and [ø]. Similar to [ʊ] but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The RP vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ʊ⟩, the Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ⟨ʏ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with ⟨ə⟩.
[œ] (прослухатиⓘ) French bœuf, seul, German Göttingen Like [ɛ], but with the lips rounded like [ɔ].
[œ̃] (прослухатиⓘ) French brun, parfum Nasalized [œ].
[ɶ] (прослухатиⓘ)
[θ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under Others
[ɸ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under Others
P
[p] (прослухатиⓘ) English pip
Q
[q] (прослухатиⓘ) Arabic ‏قُرْآن‎ Qur’ān Like [k], but further back, in the throat.
R
[r] (прослухатиⓘ) Spanish perro, Scottish English borrow "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English [ɹ], when there's no ambiguity.)
[ɾ] (прослухатиⓘ) Spanish pero, Tagalog daliri, Malay kabar, American English kitty/kiddie Like a “rolled R”, except the tongue flaps only once.
[ʀ] (прослухатиⓘ) Dutch rood and German rot (some speakers) A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
[ɽ] (прослухатиⓘ) Urdu ساڑی [saːɽiː] "saree" Like flapped [ɾ], but with the tongue curled back.
[ɹ] (прослухатиⓘ) most accents of English borrow
[ɻ] (прослухатиⓘ) Tamil புழு Puḻu "Worm", Mandarin 人民日报 Rénmín Rìbào "People's Daily", American English borrow, butter Like [ɹ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
[ʁ] (прослухатиⓘ) French Paris, German Riemann (some dialects) Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
S
[s] (прослухатиⓘ) English sass
[ʃ] (прослухатиⓘ) English shoe
[ʂ] (прослухатиⓘ) Mandarin 少林 (Shàolín), Russian Пушкин (Pushkin) Acoustically similar to [ʃ], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
T
[t] (прослухатиⓘ) English tot, stop
[ʈ] (прослухатиⓘ) Hindi टमाटर [ʈəmaːʈəɾ] (ṭamāṭar) "tomato" Like [t], but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ts] (прослухатиⓘ) English cats, Russian царь tsar
[tʃ] (прослухатиⓘ) English church
[tɕ] (прослухатиⓘ) Mandarin 北京 Běijīng (listenⓘ), Polish ciebie "you" Like [tʃ], but with more of a [j]-sound.
[tʂ] (прослухатиⓘ) Mandarin 真正 zhēnzhèng, Polish czas Like [tʃ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
U
[u] (прослухатиⓘ) American English food, French vous "you", German Schumacher
[ʊ] (прослухатиⓘ) American English foot, German Bundesrepublik
[ʉ] (прослухатиⓘ) Modern RP, Australian English food (long) Like [ɨ], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ʋ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under V
[ɥ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under Y
[ɯ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under W
V
[v] (прослухатиⓘ) English verve
[ʋ] (прослухатиⓘ) Hindi वरुण [ʋəɾʊɳə] "Varuna" Between [v] and [w]. Used by some Germans and Russians for v/w, and by some speakers of British English for r.
[ɤ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under Y
[ɣ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under Y
[ʌ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under A
W
[w] (прослухатиⓘ) English wow
[ʷ] Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English rain
[ʍ] (прослухатиⓘ) what (some dialects) like [h] and [w] said together
[ɯ] (прослухатиⓘ) Turkish kayık "caïque", Scottish Gaelic gaol Like [u], but with the lips flat; something like [ʊ].
[ɰ] (прослухатиⓘ) Spanish agua Like [w], but with the lips flat.
X
[x] (прослухатиⓘ) Scottish English loch, German Bach, Russian хлеб [xlʲep] "bread", Spanish joven between [k] and [h]
[χ] (прослухатиⓘ) northern Standard Dutch Scheveningen, Castilian Spanish Don Juan [doɴˈχwan] Like [x], but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have [χ] for [x].
Y
[y] (прослухатиⓘ) French rue, German Bülow Like [i], but with the lips rounded as for [u].
[ʏ] (прослухатиⓘ) Scottish English foot, German Düsseldorf Like [ɪ], but with the lips rounded as for [ʊ].
[ɣ] (прослухатиⓘ) Arabic ‏غَالِي‎ ghālī and Swahili ghali "expensive", Spanish suegro Sounds rather like French [ʁ] or between [ɡ] and [h].
[ɤ] (прослухатиⓘ) Mandarin 河南 Hénán, Scottish Gaelic taigh Like [o] but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of [ʊ] and [ʌ].
[ʎ] (прослухатиⓘ) Italian tagliatelle, Portuguese mulher Like [l], but more [j]-like. Rather like English volume.
[ɥ] (прослухатиⓘ) French lui Like [j] and [w] said together.
Z
[z] (прослухатиⓘ) English zoo
[ʒ] (прослухатиⓘ) English vision, French journal
[ʑ] (прослухатиⓘ) old-styled Russian позже [ˈpoʑːe] "later", Polish źle More [j]-like than [ʒ], something like beigey.
[ʐ] (прослухатиⓘ) Russian жир "fat" Like [ʒ] with the tongue curled or pulled back.
[ɮ] (прослухатиⓘ) see under L
Інше
[θ] (прослухатиⓘ) English thigh, bath
[ɸ] (прослухатиⓘ) Japanese 富士 [ɸɯdʑi] Fuji, Māori [ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː] wharenui Like [p], but with the lips not quite touching
[ʔ] (прослухатиⓘ) English uh-oh, Hawai‘i, German die Angst The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in button [ˈbʌʔn̩], or between vowels across words: Deus ex machina [ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]; in some nonstandard dialects, in a apple [əˈʔæpl̩].
[ʕ] (прослухатиⓘ) Arabic ‏عَرَبِيّ‎ ʻarabī / ʕarabī "Arabic" A light, voiced sound deep in the throat, articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx (back of the throat).
[ǀ] (прослухатиⓘ) English tsk-tsk! or tut-tut!, Zulu icici "earring" (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]. The Zimbabwean MP Ncube has this click in his name, as did Cetshwayo.
[ǁ] (прослухатиⓘ) English tchick! tchick!, Zulu ixoxo "frog" (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]. Found in the name of the Xhosa.
[ǃ] (прослухатиⓘ) Zulu iqaqa "polecat" (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including [kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ].
[ʘ] (прослухатиⓘ) ǂ’Amkoe ʘoa "two" Like a kissing sound.
[ǂ] (прослухатиⓘ) Khoekhoe ǂgā-amǃnâ [ǂàʔám̀ᵑǃã̀] "to put in the mouth" Like an imitation of a chewing sound.

Знаки, що додаються до літер

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Кілька знакі можуть додаватися згори, знизу, зліва або справа від літер. Тут вони забражені на букві-носії як голосна a. Повніший список наведено в Міжнародний фонетичний алфавіт § Діакритики та позначення просодії.

Символ Приклад Опис
Signs above a letter
[ã] French vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃] "white wine" A nasal vowel, as with a Texas twang
[ä] Portuguese vá [vä] "go" A central vowel pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back
[ă] English police [pə̆ˈliˑs] An extra-short speech sound (usually a vowel)
Signs below a letter
[a̯] English cow [kʰaʊ̯], koi [kʰɔɪ̯] This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: [kaʊ].)
[n̥] English boy [b̥ɔɪ̯], doe [d̥oʊ̯]

(see also)

Sounds like a loud whisper; [n̥] is like a whispered breath through the nose. [l̥] is found in Tibetan Lhasa.
[n̩] English button A consonant without a vowel (English [n̩] is often transcribed /ən/.)
[d̪] Spanish dos, French deux The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
Signs next to a letter
[kʰ] English come Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly [tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ].
[k’] Zulu ukuza "come" Ejective. Like a popped [k], pushed from the throat. Similarly [tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ].
[aː] English shh! [ʃː] Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: Mayo /ˈmeːoː/ for [ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯], etc.
[aˑ] RP caught [ˈkʰoˑt] Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than cot [ˈkʰɔt].)
[ˈa] pronunciation
[pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩] 		Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[ˌa] Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the following syllable.
[.] English courtship [ˈkʰɔrt.ʃɪp] Syllable break (this is often redundant and therefore left off)

Дужки

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Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:

  • /Slashes/ indicate sounds that are distinguished as the basic units of words in a language by native speakers; these are called phonemes. Changing the symbols between these slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. For example, since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two sounds written with the letter L in the word lulls, they are considered the same phoneme, and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: /ˈlʌlz/. Similarly, Spanish la bamba is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same b sound, /la ˈbamba/, despite the fact that they sound different to a speaker of English. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
  • [Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed phonetic qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word lulls may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as [ˈlɐɫz], with different L sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of languages that differentiate between the sounds [l] and [ɫ]. Likewise, Spanish la bamba (pronounced without a pause) has two different B sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists—[la ˈβamba]—though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation.
  • Шаблон:// indicate diaphonemes. For example, some speakers pronounce dune as /djuːn/ with a distinct /j/, others /duːn/ as if spelled doon, and even others /dʒuːn/ like June. This is predictable where the historical pronunciation is /dj/ preceded by /uː/—the second group of speakers invariably drop the /j/, and the third group invariably turn it into /dʒ/—and it can be cumbersome to write down all three possibilities every time such a sequence is found. So the diaphonemic notation Шаблон:IPA // serves as a shorthand for "/dj/ for traditional speakers, /d/ for those who drop /j/ between historical /d/ and /uː/, and /dʒ/ for those who turn it into /dʒ/ in such a context".

A fourth kind of bracket is occasionally seen:

  • |Vertical bars| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of morphophonology.) For instance, most phonologists argue that the -s at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either /s/ in talks /tɔːks/ or as /z/ in lulls /lʌlz/, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an s, they would write it |s| to claim that phonemic /tɔːks/ and /lʌlz/ are essentially |tɔːks| and |lʌls| underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, |z|, they would transcribe these words |tɔːkz| and |lʌlz|.

Lastly,

  • ⟨Angle brackets⟩ are used to set off orthography, as well as transliteration from non-Latin scripts. Thus ⟨lulls⟩, ⟨la bamba⟩, the letter ⟨a⟩. Angle brackets are not supported by all fonts, so a template {{angle bracket}} (shortcut {{angbr}}) is used to ensure maximal compatibility. (Comment there if you are having problems.)

Проблеми з відображенням

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Підтримка гарнітурами МФА зростає і тепер включена в кількох гарнітурах як версії Times New Roman, що йдуть в різних сучасних операційних системах. Однак Діакритики не завжди правильно відображаються. Гарнітури МФА, що безкоштовно доступні онлайн, включають Gentium(інші мови), кілька з SIL (такі як Charis SIL(інші мови) та Doulos SIL(інші мови)), Dehuti, DejaVu Sans та TITUS Cyberbit(інші мови), всі вони є безкоштовно доступними; а також комерційні гарнітири, такі як Brill, доступний з Brill Publishers, та Lucida Sans Unicode і Arial Unicode MS, які постачаються з різними продуктами Microsoft. Усі вони включають кілька діапазонів символів на додачу до МФА. Сучасні браузери, в основному, не потребують будь-яких налаштувань, щоб відображати ці символи, якщо є доступна гарнітура (шрифтів) в операційні системі, що може їх відображати.

Особливо, наступні символи можуть відображатися неправильно залежно від вашого шрифту:

Символ Значення МФА/Unicode Правильно Неправильно Шрифти, що спричиняють проблему Тест Коментарі
ɧ Sj-sound
U+0267 ɧ 		Helvetica on Apple devices
ɪ Неогублений ненапружений голосний передньо-середнього ряду середньо-високого підняття
U+026A ɪ 		Some sans-serif fonts Largely fixed since explicitly proscribed in Unicode 10.0 (2017).
ɶ Огублений голосний переднього ряду низького підняття
U+0276 ɶ 		œ Helvetica on Apple devices [1]
ʁ Дзвінкий язичковий фрикативний
U+0281 ʁ 		ᴚ San Francisco
χ Глухий язичковий фрикативний
U+03C7 χ 		x Roboto Fixed in 2017.
Trebuchet MS
ˈ Primary stress
U+02C8 ˈ
ˈ◌
 ◌̍ Tahoma The length marks denote elongation of the previous segment. The placeholder here just stands for any following character.
ˌ Secondary stress
U+02CC ˌ
ˌ◌
 ◌̩
ː Long
U+02D0 ː
ː◌
ː overlaid◌
ˑ Half-long
U+02D1 ˑ
ˑ◌
ˑ overlaid◌
ꭞ Having characteristics of a velarized alveolar lateral approximant
U+AB5E ꭞ
ꬸ
 Microsoft fonts

Зареєстровані користувачі можуть зазначити власний шрифт для тексту МФА, відредагувавши свої стилі користувача. Вони також можуть редагувати свої глобальні стилі, які працюватимуть у всіх проєктах Вікімедіа. Наприклад, наступний код призведе до того, що МФА відображатиметься шрифтом Charis SIL(інші мови): 

.IPA {
	font-family: "Charis SIL";
}

Введення на компютері за допомогою екранної клавіатури

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Доступні онлайн-клавіатури для МФА і вони покривають діапазон символів МФА і діакритики:

Для iOS є безкоштовні розкладки клавіатури з МФА, наприклад IPA Phonetic Keyboard.

Див. також

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Посилання

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Отримано з https://uk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Довідка:МФА&oldid=44675272